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BORNU
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- It was known to the Arabian geographers as the Kanem Empire from the 8th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu (the Bornu Empire) until 1900.
- Thereafter Zinder became an important centre of the Trans-Saharan trade and a major hub for trade south through Kano and east to Bornu.
- Trade and improved agricultural techniques supported more sophisticated societies, leading to the early civilizations of West Africa: Sao, Kanem, Bornu, Shilluk, Baguirmi, and Wadai.
- However the first documented evidence of Arab settlements in this region was in 1391 when the Mai, Kanuri title for King, of Bornu, Abu 'Amr Uthman b.
- He then would be commissioned by King Wilhelm I of Prussia to carry gifts to Umar of Borno, sheik of the Bornu Empire, in acknowledgment of kindness shown to German travellers, such as Heinrich Barth.
- Instead of waiting for Barth to return, on 19 July, Vogel joined a steamboat expedition heading up the Niger and Benue Rivers to the Mandara Mountains where he was imprisoned by the king of Mora who had received a message about the suspicious stranger from Bornu.
- Denham brought with him instructions from the Colonial Office indicating that Oudney should remain at Bornu as Vice-Consul, while Denham and Clapperton were to 'explore the Country to the Southward and Eastward of Bornu, principally with a view to tracing the course of the Niger and ascertaining its Embouchure'.
- In the sixteenth century the family spread across the Sahara to Timbuktu, Agades, Bornu, Hausaland, and other places, and in the eighteenth century large numbers of Kunta moved to the region of the middle Niger where they established the village of Mabruk.
- The Bornu Empire was initially absorbed into the Sokoto Caliphate of Usman dan Fodio but broke away a few years later.
- In the Kanuri language of the former Bornu Empire in the Lake Chad region, werehyenas are referred to as bultungin which translates into "I change myself into a hyena".
- During the collapse of the sultanates of Bornu and Sokoto during the late 19th century, the local ruler declared his territory the sultanate of Tessaoua; he signed a treaty of protection with the French captain Cazemajou in 1897, prior to the explorer's murder in nearby Zinder.
- In the early 1890s, French military expeditions sent to Chad encountered the forces of Rabih az-Zubayr, who had been conducting slave raids (razzias) in southern Chad throughout the 1890s and had sacked the settlements of Bornu, Baguirmi, and Wadai Empire.
- In 1577–8, Mahmut successfully seized the Fezzan oases, leading to the expulsion of the Awlad Muhammad dynasty, which had governed Fezzan for fifty years, to Katsina, a Hausa city-state likely under Bornu control.
- Relying on its prospering economy and firearms imported from the Senussi, Wadai expanded and subjugated several other polities such as Bornu and the Sultanate of Bagirmi, forcing them to pay tribute and abducting skilled craftsmen to enrich the empire.
- Bornu Yassa is a town in Borno State, north-east Nigeria near Titiwa, some 80 kilometres south of the border with Niger.
- Pallier, who was now in command, decided to take Zinder, then the biggest town in present-day Niger and a former vassal of the Bornu Empire; Pallier defeated the local ruler sarki Amadou, and took the city on July 30.
- After the Immortal's death, Osiris finally perceived the true threat of the Overmaster, he, Seneca and Mohammed Ibn Bornu allied themselves with the Justice League to stop the Overmaster.
- Girgam is also used as the name for written historical records in some kingdoms west of Bornu, including Daura, Fika and Mandara, defined as "chronicle or 'list of ancestors'" or simply "date".
- During one of their tours to Daura in 1786, a respected Bornu scholar named al-Mustafa Gwani expressed criticism towards the brothers, condemning their inclusive approach and deeming it un-Islamic.
- Ibrahim's father, and previous ruler of Bornu, had called on Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi or El-Kanemi, an Islamic scholar and warrior, to help him fight against the Fulanis and their leader Goni Mukhtar.
- The ancient Bornu Empire to Fezzan caravan routes had to cross the dunes of the erg south of Bilma as the last major obstacle before reaching the sahel.
- While al-Kanemi was still in Ngala, he heard of the Sokoto jihad, which was launched in 1804 in Hausaland and reached Bornu by 1805.
- The territories to the north of the portion of Kamerun under direct German control were part of either the Sokoto or Bornu Empires, which along with the Ottoman Empire were the worlds last remaining Caliphates.
- Kebbi became a major power in the region, resisting Songhay attacks, expanding into the Yauri and Nupe lands to the south and defeating attempts by the Bornu Empire to invade and occupy the Hausa states.
- But despite this bitterness, the Shehu recognised the importance of the Shuwa to Bornu as they owned vasts amount of wealth and cattle.
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