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ATRANORIN
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- Of these compounds, atranorin showed the highest inhibition of proteolytic enzymes trypsin and porcine pancreatic elastase.
- In terms of standard spot tests, the upper surface of Parmelia sulcata reacts K+ (yellow), KC−, C−, and P−, indicating the presence of the secondary metabolites (lichen products) atranorin and chloroatranorin.
- All species in the genus produce atranorin in the cortex, while lecanoric acid, physodic acid, and olivetoric acid occur in the medullae of some species.
- Identified by a maculated (spotted) thallus surface, lobes that are cilia-free, and both cortex and medulla reacting K+ yellow, with atranorin present along with zeorin.
- The cortex contains atranorin (responsible for the grey colour), while the medullae of most species have physodic acid, and some species contain other orcinol and beta-orcinol depsidones, including protocetraric acid and physodalic acid.
- The "brown parmelioids" refers to Parmelia species lacking atranorin or usnic acid in the cortex, with a dark to medium-brown thallus colour.
- Cetrelia lichens are chemically diverse and produce several secondary chemicals: atranorin is the main compound produced in the cortex, while substances known as depsides or depsidones are compounds in the medulla (the tissue layer under the cortex) that can be used to help distinguish between species.
- Canoparmelia lichens have grey or rarely yellow-green thalli containing the secondary chemicals atranorin and chloroatranorin, or rarely usnic acid, in the cortex.
- These include a dark, velvety lower thallus surface that usually lacks rhizines, a negative test for lichenan, and a high concentration of usnic acid and atranorin in the cortex.
- The species contains several lichen products, including depsides (atranorin and chloroatranorin), depsidones (stictic acid, constictic acid, norstictic acid, and menegazziaic acids), as well as fatty acids and pigments.
- The principal secondary metabolite is gyrophoric acid, accompanied by traces of lecanoric acid and atranorin.
- The lichen's biochemistry reveals the presence of several compounds, including alectoronic acid, atranorin, chloroatranorin, physodic acid, usnic acid, and other unidentified alectoronic acid derivatives.
- Yellow to red colours are produced with the K test and some depsides (including atranorin and thamnolic acid), and many β-orcinol depsidones.
- Diploicia canescens contains various chemical compounds including depsidones (such as diploicin and scensidin), depsides (atranorin and chloroatranorin), phthalides (buellolide and canesolide), dechlorodiploicin, isofulgidin, and minor or trace amounts of dechloro-O-methyldiploicin and secalonic acids A, B, C.
- It contains the secondary compounds atranorin, chloroatranorin, protocetraric acid, and butlerin derivatives.
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